Entre a crise sanitária e o racismo institucional: a proteção da saúde da população negra no contexto da pandemia covid-19 / Between the health crisis and institutional racism: the protection of the health of the black population in the context of the covid-19 pandemic

INTRODUÇÃO: A pandemia da covid-19 trouxe ao setor saúde diversos desafios para a mitigação do vírus que se espalhava por todo o mundo. Assim, ao considerar a determinação social de saúde, observa-se que a condição de vulnerabilidade da população pode influenciar na exposição do adoecimento e de seu agravamento. Nesse caso, ressalta-se a importância de compreender as tomadas de decisões da gestão do SUS em relação à proteção da saúde da população negra. OBJETIVO: Analisar as propostas das Secretarias Estaduais da Saúde da Região Nordeste para a proteção da população negra no contexto de contingenciamento da covid-19. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo analítico e exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, de cunho transversal. A partir dos Boletins Epidemiológicos, Plano de Contingências Estaduais para o Enfrentamento da Covid-19 e os Planos Estaduais de Saúde das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde da Região Nordeste. A análise de dados se deu, individualmente, por meio da análise de conteúdo e coletivamente, por meio de quadros analíticos. RESULTADO: Foram identificados 2.495 Boletins Epidemiológicos publicados no período de 27 de fevereiro de 2020 até o dia 30 de abril de 2021, 09 Planos Estaduais de Contingenciamento da Covid-19 e 08 Planos Estaduais de Saúde, os dados dos boletins retratam que a população negra foi a mais atingida pela pandemia na Região do Nordeste comparada com outras populações. Em relação às medidas de proteção para esta população, apenas um Plano de Contingência apresentou algum tipo de ação, e 5 Planos de Saúde apresentaram propostas. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A partir dos pressupostos do racismo institucional em saúde e das consequências da covid-19 na população negra foram observados fragilidades da gestão do setor saúde no planejamento de medidas para proteção à saúde da população negra (AU).

INTRODUCTION: The covid-19 pandemic brought several challenges to the health sector for the control of the virus that spread throughout the world. Thus, when considering the social determination of health, it is observed tha the vulnerable population may be more exposed to illness and worsening of diseases. In this case, the importance of understanding SUS management decision-making in relation to the protection of the health of the black population is highlighted. GOAL: Analyze the measures proposed by the State Health Departments of the Northeast Region for the protection of the black population in the context of the Covid-19 contingency. METHODOLOGY: This is an analytical and exploratory research, with a qualitative approach, with a cross-sectional nature, based on the Epidemiological Bulletins, the State Contingency Plan for the Control of Covid-19 and the State Health Plans of the State Health Departments in the Northeast Region. Data analysis was performed through content analysis and collectively through analytical frameworks. RESULT: About 2,495 Epidemiological Bulletins published in the period from February 27, 2020 to April 30, 2021, 09 State Contingency Plans of Covid-19 and 08 State Health Plans were identified, data from bulletins show that the black population was the most affected by the pandemic in the Northeast Region compared to other populations. The protection measures for this population found, it was only in one Contingency Plan presented some type of action, and 5 Health Plans presented proposals. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Based on institucional racism in health and the consequences of Covid-19 on the black population, weaknesses in the management of the health sector were observed in the planning of measures to protect the health of the black population (AU).

Financial implications of New York City's weight management initiative.

PURPOSE: To estimate potential annual savings in medical expenditures from a subsidized weight management program from the NYC Government perspective. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Employees of New York City (NYC) government and enrolled dependents. SAMPLE: 14,946 participants with overweight and obesity. INTERVENTION: WW (formerly Weight Watchers®) 'Workshop' and 'Digital' programs. MEASURES: Participation rate, enrollment duration, weight change, and predicted gross and net total and per capita medical expenditure savings and return on investment (ROI). ANALYSIS: Participation rate, enrollment duration, weight change, and program costs are based on direct observation. Predicted savings are simulated based on published data relating weight loss to medical expenditure reductions. RESULTS: In total, 47% of participating employees and 50% of participating dependents lost weight during the enrollment period. Mean (median) enrollment duration for employees was 7.1 months (7.0) and for dependents was 6.9 months (6.0). Mean (median) weight losses for the employees in 'Workshops' and 'Digital' was 6.6 lbs (2.80) and 6.3 lbs (0.0). For dependents, weight losses were 7.4 lbs (3.59) and 11.6 lbs (2.0). Per capita and total predicted net savings to NYC Government from employees was estimated to be $120 and $1,486,102 for an ROI of 143%. Including dependents, predicted net savings increases to $1,963,431 for an ROI of 189%. Over 80% of savings came from participants in the Obese III category. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based weight management program has the potential to generate a positive ROI for employers. Future studies should validate these estimates using actual data and more rigorous designs.

Diálogo intercultural como herramienta de construcción en políticas de salud. Amazonía Colombiana / Intercultural dialogue as a tool for construction in health policies. Colombian Amazon

OBJETIVO: Describir el diálogo intercultural como herramienta para la construcción de políticas públicas de salud que respondan a la diversidad cultural indígena colombiana. MÉTODOS: Investigación cualitativa: observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad y análisis documental durante 2010 a 2019, desde la experiencia en la Asociación Indígena Zonal de Arica (AIZA) en la Amazonía colombiana. RESULTADOS: El diálogo intercultural en la construcción de las políticas públicas en salud relativas a los pueblos indígenas se describe a nivel comunitario, departamental y nacional. En AIZA, el diálogo se realiza entre las etnias muina, p++nemina e inga de manera constante y fluida, promoviendo el desarrollo de un proceso de salud que tiene como meta el fortalecimiento de la medicina tradicional y complementarla con la occidental. A nivel departamental, el diálogo entre las asociaciones indígenas es constructivo y colaborativo; entre asociaciones e instituciones gubernamentales, el diálogo depende de la voluntad de los funcionarios de turno. A nivel nacional, el diálogo entre las asociaciones e instituciones nacionales es precario. Las instituciones tienen objetivos de corto plazo; no comprenden que se requieren metas de largo plazo, y ello dificulta la construcción de políticas en salud pertinentes con la diversidad cultural. DISCUSIÓN: El diálogo intercultural como herramienta avanza en cada nivel, bien sea comunitario, departamental y nacional, de manera distinta y única, confluyendo diferentes factores

OBJECTIVE: Intercultural dialogue is reported as a tool to devise public health policies that respond to the indigenous cultural reality of Colombia. METHODS: Qualitative research strategies involving participant observation, in-depth interviews and documentary analysis over the period 2010 to 2019; from the experience in the Arica Zonal Indigenous Association (AIZA) in the Colombian Amazon. RESULTS: Intercultural dialogue in the drawing up of public health policies related to indigenous peoples at community, departmental and national level. In AIZA dialogue between the muina, p++ nemina and inga ethnic groups is constant and fluid. This enables developing a healthcare process whose aim is to strengthen traditional medicine complementary to its western counterpart. At departmental level, dialogue with indigenous associations is constructive and collaborative. However, dialogue between governmental associations and institutions depends on the will of the officials on duty. At national level dialogue between national associations and institutions is precarious. Institutionalism has short term aims and there is no understanding that long term goals are required. This hinders building health policies relevant to cultural diversity. DISCUSSION: Intercultural dialogue as a tool advances at each level, be it community, departmental and national in a different and unique way where different factors converge

Resource Allocation Strategies to Increase the Efficiency and Sustainability of Gavi's Health System Strengthening Grants.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increase in Health System Strengthening (HSS) grants, there is no consensus among global health actors about how to maximize the efficiency and sustainability of HSS programs and their resulting gains. To formally analyze and compare the efficiency and sustainability of Gavi's HSS grants, we investigated the factors, events and root causes that increased the time and effort needed to implement HSS grants, decreased expected outcomes and threatened the continuity of activities and the sustainability of the results gained through these grants in Cameron and Chad. METHODS: We conducted 2 retrospective independent evaluations of Gavi's HSS support in Cameroon and Chad using a mixed methodology. We investigated the chain of events and situations that increased the effort and time required to implement the HSS programs, decreased the value of the funds spent and hindered the sustainability of the implemented activities and gains achieved. RESULTS: Root causes affecting the efficiency and sustainability of HSS grants were common to Cameroon and Chad. Weaknesses in health workforce and leadership/governance of the health system in both countries led to interrupting the HSS grants, reprogramming them, almost doubling their implementation period, shifting their focus during implementation toward procurements and service provision, leaving both countries without solid exit plans to maintain the results gained. CONCLUSIONS: To increase the efficiency and sustainability of Gavi's HSS grants, recipient countries need to consider health workforce and leadership/governance prior, or in parallel to strengthening other building blocks of their health systems.

[New professional field in France: Analysis of the training needs of case managers]. / Nouveau champ professionnel en France. Les besoins de formation des gestionnaires de cas.

Case management is a relatively new career field in France. It was first introduced on an experimental basis in 2007-2008, and was then developedfollowing the National Alzheimer Plan and finally enshrined in legislation in 2012. This careerfield is based on a set of tasks widely described internationally: identifying the right level of intervention, standardized multidimensional assessment, planning all aid (care and social services), implementation of the plan, monitoring and reassessment and periodic reassessment of all needs in a continuous and long-term process. The specific, systematic and dedicated nature of these tasks to these tasks makes training essential. Regulations also stipulate that the professional must acquire additional training by a dedicated inter-university degree. This requirement is a French specificity The authors present the history of case management and training in France and analyze the various international training frameworks identified by an Internet search. Moreover, based on the opinions expressed by case managers at different times of the scientific assessment and a review ofseveral studies conducted by inter-university case management program students, this article highlights the specific training needs of case managers and how the proposed training can meet these needs.

On manhood and Movember ...or why the moustache works.

The unprecedented success of the Movember campaign in raising money for, and awareness of, prostate cancer (PCa) brings with it a novel opportunity to consider how masculinity and men's health can connect. In this essay we first detail the history of some less fruitful endeavors for advancing PCa awareness that played on masculine stereotypes. We then consider how Movember's moustache motif has succeeded. Included are commentaries about why the strongly masculine motifs of combat, loyalty, and aggression couched in military language were not successful when used to promote concern about men's health. Movember in contrast succeeds by focusing on a way that men can express their individuality without resorting to overt acts or signs of aggression or militarism.

Attitudes towards Advance Care Planning and Healthcare Autonomy among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the preferences of ACP and healthcare autonomy in community-dwelling older Chinese adults. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with older adults living in the residential estate of Chaoyang District, Beijing. RESULTS: 900 residents were enrolled. 80.9% of them wanted to hear the truth regarding their own condition from the physician; 52.4% preferred to make their own healthcare decisions. Only 8.9% of them preferred to endure life-prolonging interventions when faced with irreversible conditions. 78.3% of the respondents had not heard of an ACP; only 39.4% preferred to document in an ACP. Respondents with higher education had significantly higher proportion of having heard of an ACP, as well as preferring to document in an ACP, compared to those with lower education. Those aged <70 years had higher proportion of having heard of an ACP, as well as refusing life-prolonging interventions when faced with irreversible conditions, compared to those aged ≥ 70 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of community-dwelling older Chinese adults appeared to have healthcare autonomy and refuse life-prolonging interventions in terms of end-of-life care, a low level of "Planning ahead" awareness and preference was apparent. Age and education level may be the influential factors.

Nuevo diseño de la Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña (2010-2014): un paso adelante en planificación y evaluación sanitaria / New design of the Health Survey of Catalonia (Spain, 2010-2014): A step forward in health planning and evaluation

Se presenta la génesis de la Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña (2010-2014) con sus submuestras semestrales. Se detallan las características básicas de su diseño muestral polietápico. Entre las ventajas organizativas de esta nueva operación, en comparación con las anteriores, destacan la agilidad en la disponibilidad de datos y la capacidad de monitorización continuada de la población. Se señalan como beneficios la puntualidad en la obtención de indicadores y la posibilidad de introducir nuevos tópicos a través del cuestionario complementario, según las necesidades de información. Como limitación se apunta la mayor complejidad del diseño muestral y la falta de seguimiento longitudinal de la muestra. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de utilizar ponderaciones adaptadas a las submuestras para el análisis estadístico que emplee microdatos, así como de acumular oleadas si se desea elevar el grado de desagregación del análisis, ya sea en el territorio o por subgrupos de población (AU)

This article presents the genesis of the Health Survey of Catalonia (Spain, 2010-2014) with its semiannual subsamples and explains the basic characteristics of its multistage sampling design. In comparison with previous surveys, the organizational advantages of this new statistical operation include rapid data availability and the ability to continuously monitor the population. The main benefits are timeliness in the production of indicators and the possibility of introducing new topics through the supplemental questionnaire as a function of needs. Limitations consist of the complexity of the sample design and the lack of longitudinal follow-up of the sample. Suitable sampling weights for each specific subsample are necessary for any statistical analysis of micro-data. Accuracy in the analysis of territorial disaggregation or population subgroups increases if annual samples are accumulated (AU)

A role for communities in primary prevention of chronic illness? Case studies in regional Australia.

In regional Australia "communities of place," defined as bounded geographic locations with a local society, undertake community-wide primary prevention programs. In helping to prevent chronic illness, communities provide valuable resources to the health system. To understand the role of community-health sector partnerships for primary prevention and the community contextual factors that affect them, we studied eight partnerships. We used an embedded multiple case study design and collected data through interviews, nonparticipant observation, and document analysis. These data were analyzed using a typology of community-health sector partnerships and community interaction theory to frame the key community contextual factors that affected partnerships. The dominant factor affecting all partnerships was the presence of a collective commitment that communities brought to making the community a better place through developing health. We call this a communitarian approach. Additional research to investigate factors influencing a communitarian approach and the role it plays in partnerships is required.

[Improvement of health care for patients with upper respiratory tract diseases associated with chlamydia infection].

At present the issues in regard to Chlamydia infection are not only limited by urogenital system. By the way optimal organization and non-urogenital chlamydiosis treatment strategy (with respiratory tract involvement in particular) have not been worked out yet and require immediate solutions. Due to new knowledge on respiratory chlamidiosis the authors discuss scientific background for future development of complex measures and main directions of health care support strategy for patients with upper respiratory associated with Chlamydia infection.

Childhood pneumonia as a global health priority and the strategic interest of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Pneumonia kills more children than any other disease--more than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. Introduction of vaccines against pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (the most important causes of severe pneumonia in young children), increasing resistance to antibiotics, and changes in HIV prevalence will likely change patterns of pneumonia etiology in developing countries. Studies such as Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) that take advantage of new diagnostic technologies are needed to provide an updated and more precise description of the microbial causes of pneumonia and to inform decisions around treatment algorithms and vaccine development and introduction. In recognition of its importance for global health and especially its significance as an ongoing cause of gross inequity in risks, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has made pneumonia an important part of its global health strategy and PERCH a centerpiece of its Pneumonia Program.

Reducing HIV-related stigma: lessons learned from Horizons research and programs.

Since the early years of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, stigma has been understood to be a major barrier to successful HIV prevention, care, and treatment. This article highlights findings from more than 10 studies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America-conducted from 1997 through 2007 as part of the Horizons program-that have contributed to clarifying the relationship between stigma and HIV, determining how best to measure stigma among varied populations, and designing and evaluating the impact of stigma reduction-focused program strategies. Studies showed significant associations between HIV-related stigma and less use of voluntary counseling and testing, less willingness to disclose test results, and incorrect knowledge about transmission. Programmatic lessons learned included how to assist institutions with recognizing stigma, the importance of confronting both fears of contagion and negative social judgments, and how best to engage people living with HIV in programs. The portfolio of work reveals the potential and importance of directly addressing stigma reduction in HIV programs.